Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Copyright and Intellectual Property in Architecture Term Paper

Copyright and Intellectual Property in Architecture - Term Paper Example The trial court used the three year statute of limitations to terminate the grievance on the grounds that the architect should have learnt the basis for its grievance and marched in to the courts much earlier than it had done. On petition, this ruling was overturned. The court established that there was no steadfast evidence hence convincing the trial judge to decide that the architect was on notification of the supposed copyright infringement preceding the passing of the legal period. Moreover , the court revised the AIA contract treaty and ruled that there were no grounds for establishing that the architect’s ideas were â€Å"work for hire† or that the development proprietor had any under contract founded copyright importance in the architect’s ideas. A closure agreement among the parties also considered the usage of the ideas and was a vital contemplation by the court. In Warren Freedenfeld Associates, Inc. v. McTigue et al., 531 F.3d 38 (1st Cir. 2008), a vet erinarian hired an architect to scheme the design of a veterinary hospital. The contractual agreement that was applied for this purpose was an AIA deed. Even though the court does not outline which specific AIA document was applied, it is probable that it was B 141 (1987) meanwhile the court refers to Article 6 as relating to tenure of documents. When it comes to architectural documents Copyright can be described as property that is founded on a person’s creative skill and labour. The copyright law was created to protect the original architect’s work from unauthorized use and to ensure the the originality of the creation is maintained at all times. Copyrights are physically intangible however they grant an unoriginal user the rights to copy or to publish the original work to facilitate communication to the public. Architectural copyrights are governed by certain Copyright acts. Architects who own Copyrights have exclusive economic rights that vary according to the diff erent types of works and other subject-matter protected by copyright. This differentiates the various forms of works which are normally protected by copyrights. For instance in the literary, dramatic or musical works category the rights granted to the creator may include the right to reproduce the work e.g. making recordings like films or albums. They might also be granted the right to publish their work and also the right to perform their work in public through concerts. In the case of artistic works the creator has the right to reproduce the work in material form or can communicate the work to the public via electronic forms. Besides the economic rights, there exists moral rights which apply to all works and are derived from the French droit moral which include the right to integrity of authorship, the right to attribution of authorship and the right against false attribution of authorship. Moral rights endure for the term of the copyright but it should be noted though, that an au thor's right of integrity of authorship in respect of a film is limited to the author's lifetime. Transmission of copyrights Copyright can be dealt with in the same way as other forms of personal property. It can be assigned, licensed, given away, sold, left by will, or passed on according to the laws relating to intestacy or bankruptcy. This does not apply to moral rights whic

Monday, October 28, 2019

Ups vs Fedex Essay Example for Free

Ups vs Fedex Essay In 1975, UPS promised package delivery to every address in the United States; FedEx was not able to guarantee delivery in every area. When deregulation of the domestic airline industry and trucking industry occurred, the operating landscape changed, and FedEx became the beneficiary by expanding its delivery fleet. The just-in-time supply movement enabled FedEx to grow as well by creating a larger demand for express delivery. Technological innovations, such as its package tracker, assisted FedEx in improved customer service; UPS was able to keep pace with technological innovations of its own, such as its own package tracker. UPS’s key to success was and remains efficiency, timing all delivery routes to traffic signal patterns for example. UPS also expanded into Canada and Germany before FedEx. In recent years UPS has invested heavily in information technology, aircraft and other facilities. Competitor Comparison UPS went public in 1999, starting direct stock competition with FedEx UPSFedEx Offered package delivery services to the entire US and over 200 countries, delivered over 13 million packages and achieved profits of $3 billion, and AAA bond rating in 1983Operational leader reached $1 billion in revenues during 1983 and was poised to own the market for express delivery Restructured by becoming an aggressive company and expanding through acquisitionsNo unions Acquired Miami based carrier with operations in Latin AmericaAchieved $15 billion in assets, net income of $830 million on revenues of $22. billion in 2003 Opened Mail Boxes Etc. franchise stores, providing packing, shipping and mail service Invested in IT, aircraft and facilities to support service innovations, quality and reduce cost Became involved with all aspects of supply chain logistics to offer another service to its customers By 2003, UPS and FedEx were in very similar business positions, providing express service in the US and abroad. Express Segment: 1999 2003 UPSFedEx Focus on customer serviceFocus on customer service Started price war, but later settled on regular price increasesSettled on regular price increases Cut costs through economies of scale, investments in IT and business process reengineeringCut costs through economies of scale, investments in IT and business process reengineering IT: UPS employs on DIADs for drivers to scan package barcodes during pickupIT: COSMOS transmits data from package movements, customer pickups, invoices and deliveries to central database in Memphis, TN UPS installed drop off boxes, 165 drive through and 371 express delivery stores, Saturday pickups to expand services and match FedExPurchased ground vehicles worth $200 million to match UPS delivery fleet Offered integrated logistics service to large corporate clients with total inventory controlCompeted for large corporate clients providing integrated logistics service In the international package-delivery market, UPS exceeded and had more success and dollar investment marked for international growth than FedEx . International Package-Delivery Market European entry in 1988 with acquisition of 10 continental courier services Lost estimated $1 billion in Europe since entry in 1984 and eventually sold European hub to DHL Spent an additional $1 billion in 1995 to expand it European operationsExpanded routes in Latin America, Caribbean and introduced AsiaOne next business day service between Asia and US in 1995 Begins direct flights to China in 2001Establishes Chinese Headquarters in 2003 Contracts with Yangtze River Express for package delivery within China in 2003 FedEx owned the largest foreign presence in China, with almost double the amount of daily flights to China than UPS, serving 220 Chinese cities with direct flights to Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai. FedEx volumes in China grew by more than 50% between 2003 and 2004. UPS was active in China beginning in 1988, and was the first carrier to offer nonstop service from America. By 2003, UPS had 6 weekly flights to China with direct service to Beijing and Shanghai, serving about 200 cities with expected growth of about 60% on its main route. UPS also predicted peak-season demand to exceed capacity. Financial Analysis UPS appears to be the better bet for the long-term because its historical financial results are superior to and more consistent when compared to FedEx. If we consider EVA (Economic Value Added) as the key gauge for evaluating both firms, UPS is clearly the better performer. In the twelve year period of 1992 through 1993, UPS created $4. 33 billion in cumulative economic value, while FedEx destroyed $2. 25 billion. Because of its superior profitability and cash generating capabilities, UPS has better prospects for funding growth through internal and external sources. Even if we weaken the assumption of past history as a good indicator for the course of future financial performance and management, the data still indicates UPS is in a better financial position for taking on future growth. Decomposing EVA UPS outperformed FedEx on profitability in the twelve year period with an average RONA of 13. 78% compared to 8. 31% for FedEx. This profitability disparity accounts for most of the differences in their EVA histories. The twelve year average cost of capital/WACC for each firm was virtually the same (11. 97% for UPS, 11. 5% for FedEx); FedEx failed to generate enough RONA to cover its cost of capital in eleven years of the twelve year period, while UPS generated positive economic returns in seven of those years. The economic profit margin or spread between RONA and WACC for UPS averaged about 1. 8 % compared to -3. 14% for FedEx. For the last year of the period, 2003, UPS’s spread was 5. 11% and FedEx’s was 1. 10%. Given these statistics, UPS is obviously the better value creator and more profitable firm. Funding Future Growth (Cash and Debt) UPS is in a better position to fund its future growth because it generates more cash through superior profitability and its bigger size NOPAT for UPS in 2003 was at $3. 31 billion versus FedEx at $1. 42 billion. Thus, UPS can fund a larger percentage of its growth through internally generated funds. UPS can also take on additional debt at a lower cost than FedEx. The two firms have very similar debt/equity ratios but different bond ratings, with UPS rated higher. Therefore, even with similar relative debt levels, UPS can choose to supplement its funding needs with debt at a lower interest expense than FedEx. As of 2003, UPS‘s interest coverage ratio is three times that of FedEx, so UPS has a bigger cushion for handling additional debt (which partially explains UPS’s higher debt rating). In summary, from a cash perspective and in the context of each firm’s debt load, UPS is clearly in a better financial position to compete than FedEx. Operational Analysis While UPS and FedEx operate with similar business practices and offer almost identical services to their respective customers, UPS is more diversified both in operational revenue and global market service. Virtually all of FedEx’s business is derived from air-express sector in the package delivery; that segment is only 44% of UPS’s revenues. Both companies compete fiercely, often copying the other’s moves. For instance, FedEx has started to poach clients from UPS by offering volume discounts and excellent delivery services. UPS has countered by matching FedEx’s customer interaction by installing drop boxes and offering Saturday delivery to equal FedEx’s delivery schedule. Annualized capital expenditures are almost identical between the two companies for the period of 1992 to 2003 was 34. 64% for FedEx and 36. 78% for UPS. The main difference between the two is the markets each company serves and how they serve it. FedEx utilizes an independent contractor model, while UPS has unionized employees. FedEx attempted to develop its European capabilities until 1992, when it sold its operations to DHL, and now relies on local partners. By comparison, UPS acquired multiple courier services and announced in 1995 it would spend $1 billion over the next five years to continue its European expansion. The following table provides the comparison of worldwide facts between FedEx and UPS: FedExUPS Main HubMemphis, TennesseeLouisville, Kentucky Packages handled per day5. 4 million13. 6 million Air deliveries per day3. 1 million2 million Service AreaMore than 220 countries and territories, including every address in the United StatesMore than 200 countries and territories; every address in North America and Europe WorkforceMore than 216,500 employees worldwide360,000 Worldwide Delivery FleetMore than 50,000 motorized vehicles and 625 aircraft88,000 ground vehicles; 583 aircraft. In the ground package-delivery business, UPS is approximately five times larger than FedEx, delivering 11 million packages per day. However, there are signs that FedEx is gaining market share for ground delivery. FedEx dominates with the world’s largest air-delivery service, delivering 50% more per day than UPS. The battleground has shifted from Europe to China, which is projected to become the second largest economy by 2011 and the largest by 2039. Because China’s export volume increased by 101% in 2004, both companies have focused on the import/export package market valued at nearly $1 billion, instead of the intra-domestic market, valued at approximately $800 million. Although it entered the Chinese market after FedEx, UPS is aggressively expanding its services within the market. While FedEx flies almost twice as many daily routes to China than UPS, the new service agreement between the US and China will alter the landscape; it is uncertain how the newly acquired routes will be distributed to FedEx, UPS and their other competitors. Conclusion UPS will achieve better long-term performance relative to FedEx because of its bigger size, more diversified revenue and business, superior financial and operational efficiency and a better capital position.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Stars and Black Holes Essay -- essays research papers

Below you will read research on stars and black holes. Black holes are stars whose core has been crushed by gravity. In the text to follow you will see how a star forms, read about its life and how it becomes a black hole. Stars are composed of hydrogen gas and dust. Stars owe their existence to the force of gravity. Stars are created from the thinly spread atoms of dust and gas that swirl throughout space. The atoms clump together into dense clouds that eventually collapse under their own gravity. Other forces counteract the gravity. The dust and cloud grows steadily hotter until a nuclear furnace ignites creating a bright shining star. (Couper H. & Henbest N., 1996). Stars are born when particles of hydrogen, helium and dust combine and collapse, shrinking and falling into itself making the cloud hotter. Tiny protons bump into each other and bounce away at high speeds stick together when it is hot enough. Four protons form a particle of helium gas. Two protons fuse together becoming neutrons. Matter that is released from this fusion turns into energy streaming outward from the core creating nuclear fusion. Once the inward and outward forces are equal it reaches its final size and shines, becoming a star. The length of the hydrogen burning stage depends on the stars weight. A star with 15 times the weight of the sun uses up all its hydrogen in less than 10 million years. (Darling D., 1985) The farthest star in the most distant galaxy is more than ten billion light years away. The kind of star a star becomes depends on how much gas and dust the protostar manages to pack into itself as it forms. The more mass a star collects the hotter and brighter it becomes. (Gallant R ., 2000). Three major star types are red dwarfs, yellow dwarfs and blue giants. Red dwarfs are the dimmest and have the longest life span that is about a trillion years. Red dwarfs become black dwarfs when they exhaust their hydrogen and fuel. Yellow dwarf stars have shorter life spans because they burn their hydrogen fuel faster. As fuel runs low they swell up into a red giant, then release planetary nebula, then shrink into white dwarfs and finally cool as black dwarfs. The massive blue giants have the shortest life span as they’ll swell up into supergiants, explode as a supernova and end up as either a neutron star or black hole. (Gallant R ., 2000). A norm... ...un is a ball of gas. It is 8 and one third light years away and 93 million miles away. The suns diameter is 865,000 miles. The sun is about 5 billion years old. (Darling D., 1985). The sun appears as a large disk. At the top of the sun you can see two huge gas eruptions called prominences. These prominences leap out hundreds of thousands of miles. They have hair like spikes that are surges of hot gas called spicules. The mottled effect is caused by cells of hot gases welling up from beneath the surface, cooling and appearing darker than the surrounding gases. (Gallant R ., 2000). Therefore, the sun, stars and black holes coexist with one another in the solar system along with other matter in the galaxy. The sun is a star. Black holes are collapsed stars. Each does not exist without the other. References Couper H. & Henbest N. (1996). Black Holes. New York, NY: DK Publishing Inc. Darling D. (1985). The Stars from birth to black hole. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Dillon Press Inc. Gallant R . (2000). The life stories of Stars. Tarrytown, New York: Benchmark Books Sipiera P. (1997). Black Holes. Canada: Children’s Press, Grolier Publishing Co. Inc

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Environment and Race Essay -- Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays

For many years now, environmental protection and regulation has been a moving force within societies, especially the United States, and has captured much support from many different people. The environmental movement has taken a stance against environmental degradation, depletion of natural resources, destruction of precious habitats, and the harming of endangered and non-endangered species. Emphasis on environmental quality has undoubtedly turned society a little greenerà ¤ and has made oneà ¢s quality of life a little better. However, not all areas of society have reaped the benefits of the environmental movement, a fact that may have to do with those populations being a little brownerà ¤. Despite efforts made to raise environmental standards, many in society, particularly minorities and low-income residents who live in urban areas, find themselves inhabiting areas where environmental quality is either neglected or abused, and problems are prevalent. This is a problem of environmental injustice. The right to equal environmental quality should be extended to all members of society. Environmental justice is important because it ensures that all citizens, no matter their ethnicity, income level, or other defining characteristics, receive fair and equal environmental quality. More importantly, it potentially combats the issue of environmental conflict that could arise between opposing sides (those affected, as well as surrounding industries and the government). For example, the construction of additional hazardous waste facilities in a poor minority community would be a potential conflict. Environmental justice is a fairly new concept within the environmental arena (its or igins can be traced back to the early twentieth century. It is c... ...e is green. References Baar, E., Greenbaum, A., & Wellington, A. (1995). Social Conflict and Environmental Law: Ethics, Economics and Equity: Volume I. Toronto: Captus Press. Glickman, T. & Hersh, R. (1995). Evaluating Environmental Equity: The Impacts of Industrial Hazards on Selected Social Groups in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Washington, D. C.: Resources for the Future. Have, S. (1976). Environment and Equity: A Survey of Metropolitan Issues. Washington, D. C.: The Potomac Institute, Inc. Hersh, R. (1995). Race and Industrial Hazards: An Historical Geography of the Pittsburgh Region, 1900-1990. Washington, D. C.: Resources for the Future. Hurley, A. (1995). Environmental Inequalities. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. Mandelker, D. (1981). Environment and Equity: A Regulatory Challenge. St. Louis: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Mason-Caree, Renaissance Architecture

Part. B: Matson-Career. Since High Renaissance period was highly influenced by the Roman culture, the Roman orders of columns were applied in the architecture and most building plans and fade were symmetrical. One of the examples which can be brought from Roman times is the Matson-Career. It is an ancient building located in southern France, and considered to be one of the best preserved Roman temples. The three stepped floor was replaced with a tall platform, and the columns along the sides of the temple were converted to engage columns. Roman Architecture: Essential Humanities†) Units of measurements were based on the human scale and it was in mathematical proportions. One of the best examples of this is Laurent Library by Michelangelo. The Laurent Library was and still considered to be one of his greatest architectural achievements. The significance of the decoration of the library was the fact that they were handmade. The library is considered to be one of the most unified works of the High Renaissance in Florence. (â€Å"Laurent Library – Florence.Laurent Library) The reason why Laurent Library is so special is the fact that it shows the most complete examples of mannerism as its structure, both interior and the furniture. Mannerism comes from the Italian word â€Å"mariner†, which meaner ‘style,' and thus defines the sense of the artist's characteristics. The root of â€Å"Mannerism† originates from Rome at the end of the Renaissance time period. Since it is during the Late Renaissance, it was greatly influenced by the classicism and naturalism of High Renaissance; which was the impact of reformation.It was against he equilibrium of form and proportions of the Renaissance and it was notable in the way it was the period bridging the High Renaissance and the Baroque. The creation of Mannerism was the fine turning point of the historical and stylistic of the period in the way it was an explosion of originality but perfectly fits in the harmony of architectural forms. Laurent Library is unique in the way that it adapts mannerism but the late works of Michelangelo was influenced the mannerist.Michelangelo was praised for his breaking of the ancient architectural theory while other architects ere strictly following the theories. One of examples in Laurent Library was the stairway; its intention of the existence was more like a freestanding sculpture rather than functional architecture. Michelangelo architecture engaged many classical styles like the columns, capitals, bases and myriad as well as other elements from ancient Greece and influenced modern society 21 the century. The Laurent Library is a demonstration of how architects can be creative. Mason-Career, Renaissance Architecture By leukemia

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Critically discuss the Strategy in Action of Tesco plc The WritePass Journal

Critically discuss the Strategy in Action of Tesco plc INTRODUCTION Critically discuss the Strategy in Action of Tesco plc INTRODUCTIONPESTEL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Political Factors2.2 EconomicalFactors2.3Social/CulturalFactors2.4 Technological Factors2.5 Environmental FactorsPORTERS FIVE FORCES8.0 CONCLUSIONRelated INTRODUCTION Tesco plc is the food and drink retail sector represents the major industry in the UK, providing, manufacturing, employment for over three million people in the main production and retailing. In 2004 retail accounted for 9% of (GDP) gross domestic product (Datamonitor, 2003). In latest years UK supermarkets have come under increased analysis over their management of suppliers, yet the increase of strategic supply networks has been essential part of largely supermarket strategies for the past decade. This report is provides Tesco, with emphasis on its external environment and companys analysis of resources, competence and culture strategic and   the resources based on strategies. One of the largest food retailers in the world,   Tesco operating about 2,319 stores and employing over 325,000 people. It provides online services through its subsidiary, Tesco.com. The UK largest market   company   where it operates under four banners of Superstore, Extra,   Metro and Express. The company sells about 40,000 food products, non-food lines, clothing and other. The companys own-label products are at three levels, normal and finest, value,. As well as convenience produce, several stores have gas stations, becoming one of Britains largest independent petrol retailers. Other retailing services Tesco Personal Finance. PESTEL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Political Factors the company Operating in a globalized environment. Tesco has   stores around the world now operates   in the Republic of Ireland, Europe   , Slovakia, Poland , Czech Republic, Hungary and Turkey. It also operates in Asia in Thailand Japan Taiwan, South Korea,   and Malaysia it is performance is greatly influenced by the political and legislative situation of these countries, including the (EU). For employment  Ã‚   the government encourages retailers to provide a mix flexible   job opportunities, lower-paid and locally-based jobs to highly-skilled, higher- located jobs paid and centrally- (Balchin, 1994). Moreover to meet the demand from population categories such as working parents senior citizens and Students. 2.2 EconomicalFactors Tesco economic factors are of concern, because they are likely to influence demand, prices profits, and costs. One of the mainly influential factors on the economy is high unemployment levels, which decreases the effective demand for several goods. The economic factors are largely outside the control of the company, but their effects the marketing and performance can be deep. while international business is still increasing (Appendix A), and is expected to contribute better amounts to Tescos income over the next few years, the company is still highly dependent on the   market. therefore, it   would be badly affected by any slowdown exposed to the market concentration risks and in the UK food   market 2.3Social/CulturalFactors present trends show that British customers have moved towards ‘bulk shopping, which is due to a range of social changes. Tesco have, therefore, improved the quantity of non-food stuff available for sale. Demographic changes such as the aging of people, the female workers   are increase and a decline in preparation home meal mean that UK retailers are also focusing on services and added-value products . adding, the focus is now towards; the share of the   own-label in business mix, the operational improvements and   supply chain , which can drive costs out of the business. National retailers are increasingly reticent to take on new suppliers (Datamonitor Report, 2003Clarke, Bennison and Guy,1994;). The type of goods and services demanded by customers is a meaning of their consequent attitudes and beliefs and social conditioning . customers are becoming more and more aware of their attitudes towards food are constantly changing and   health issues. For instance   to accommodate an increased demand for organic products Tesco adapting the product mix, and also the first company   to allow customers to pay in cash and cheques at the checkout. 2.4 Technological Factors Technology is a main macro-environmental changeable which has influenced the increase of several   Tesco products. The new technologies benefit the company and customers satisfaction raises because services can become more personalised and shopping more convenient, goods are readily and available.The launch of the Efficient Consumer Response initiative provided the shift that is now apparent in the management of food supply chains (Datamonitor Report, 2003 2.5 Environmental Factors In 2003, there has been improved pressure on several companies and managers to admit their responsibility to society. (Johnson and Scholes, 2003) The major societal concern threatening food retailers has been environmental issues, a key region for companies to proceed in a socially responsible way. therefore, by recognizing this tendency in the broad ethical stance, the company   corporate social responsibility is concerned through the ways in which an organization exceeds the minimum obligations to stakeholders particular through regulation and business governance PORTERS FIVE FORCES Threat of New Entrants The UK grocery market is mainly   dominated by   competitors, including the major brands of Tesco ,Sainsburys   Safeway ,and   Asda, that   take a market share of 70% and small chains of Somerfield,   Waitrose and Budgens   with a further 10%. Over the last 30 years, Ritz (2005), the grocery market has been changed into the supermarket-dominated business. The   Majority of the large chains have built their power due to operating efficiency, major marketing-mix expenditure and one-stop shopping. This power had a large impact on the small traditional shops, such as, bakers, butchers and etc. therefore, these days it possesses a strong barrier for new companies who want to enter the grocery market. For example, it becomes rather difficult for new entrants to increase sufficient capital because of large fixed costs and highly developed supply chains.   in   advanced technology This is also evident in huge investments done by large chains, like T esco, for stock control systems that impact new entrants and the existing ones and checkouts . Other barriers include economies of scale achieved by Tesco. Bargaining Powerof Suppliers This force   that can be influenced by major grocery chains and that fear of losing their business to the large supermarkets. Therefore, this consolidates more leading positions of stores like Tesco and Asda in negotiating better     prices from suppliers that small individual chains are unable to match Ritz (2005).   UK based suppliers are also threatened by the rising ability of   retailers to source their products from abroad at cheaper deals. The relationship with sellers can have same effects in constraining the strategic freedom of the company and in influencing its margins. The forces of competitive rivalry have reduced the profit margins for suppliers and supermarket chains. Bargaining Power of Customers   Porter M. (1980) more products that become standardized or undifferentiated, the lower the switching cost, and therefore, more power is yielded to buyers. Tescos famous loyalty card – Club card remains the successful customer retention strategy that   increases the profitability of Tescos business. In meeting   customer needs, better choices, customizing service, ensure low prices,   constant flow of in-store promotions like Tesco enables brands to control and retain their customer base. In recent years the   food retailing has   changed   due to a large demand of consumers doing the majority of their shopping in supermarkets that shows a larger need for supermarkets to sell non-food items.   Also it has provided supermarkets with a new strategic expansion into new markets of banking. moreover Consumers have become more aware of the issues surrounding fairer trade and the influence of western consumers on the expectations and asp irations of Third World producers. Ethically and ecologically benign sound production of consumer produce such as coffee, tea, and cocoa is viable, and such products are widely available at the majority of large chains. Threat of Substitutes for a particular product General substitution is able to reduce demand, while there is a threat of consumers switching to the alternatives Porter M. (1980). In the grocery industry this can be seen in the form of the substitute of need or product-for-product     and is further weakened by new trends, such as the way small chains of convenience stores are emerging in the industry. In this case Tesco is trying to acquire existing small-scale operations and opening Express and Metro stores in city centres and local towns   Ritz (2005). 3.5Bargaining Powerof Competitors The grocery environment has seen a very significant growth in the size and market dominance of the larger players, with greater store size, increased retailer concentration, and the utilisation of a range of formats, which are now prominent characteristics of the sector. As it was mentioned above, the purchasing power of the food-retailing industry is concentrated in the hands of a relatively small number of retail buyers. Operating in a mature, flat market where growth is difficult (a driver of the diversification into non-food areas), and consumers are increasingly demanding and sophisticated, large chains as Tesco are accruing large amounts of consumer information that can be used to communicate with the consumer Ritz (2005). This highly competitive market has fostered an accelerated level of development, resulting in a situation in which UK grocery retailers have had to be innovative to maintain and build market share. Such innovation can be seen in the development of a range of trading formats, in response to changes in consumer behaviour. The dominant market leaders have responded by refocusing on price and value, whilst reinforcing the added value elements of their service. SWOTAnalysis   mus,,,, Tesco is the top grocer and leading retailer in its home market of the UK. Pitched at the broad middle mass-market, it has maintained its position through a clear focus, well targeted product offer and excellent record both in product and format innovation. Tesco also leads the world in online grocery retailing. In the UK the company concentrates on running grocery superstores, c-stores and an online service. Elsewhere the focus is usually on hypermarkets. In 2003, the groups trading record around Europe and UK has been outstanding. The full SWOT analysis of Tesco is presented in Appendix B, summarizing the key issues from the business environment and the strategic capability, including resources and competence, of the company that are most likely to impact on strategy development Strengths Increasing market share: Tesco holds a 13% share of the UK retail market. Its multi-format capability means that it will continue to grow share in food, while increasing space contribution from hypermarkets will allow it to drive a higher share in non-food. Tescos general growth and ROI show no sign of abating: In the UK, Tescos late 2002 investment into West-midlands based convenience store group TS was billed as the most aggressive move into the neighborhood market by a big-name retailer so far. The deal has turned Tesco into the countrys second biggest convenience store chain after the Co-operative Group, and the company also plans to open up 59 new stores in the UK this year. Tesco has grown its non-food division to the extent that its revenues now total 23% of total group earnings. Tescos international business segment is growing steadily, and is predicted to contribute nearly a quarter of group profits over the next five years. If geographical spread continues to grow, this will ensure Tescos continued regional strength. Insurance: In fiscal 2003 Tesco Personal Finance reached the milestone of one million motor insurance policies, making it the fastest growing motor insurance providerever.The groups instant travel insurance allows Clubcard holders to buy their holiday insurance conveniently at the checkout. Pet insurance now has over 330,000 cats and dogs covered, while the life insurance policy followed on from the success of last year, when it was voted The Most Competitive Life Insurance Provider in the MoneyFacts Awards 2003. Tesco online: Tesco.com is the worlds biggest online supermarket and this year the group had sales of over  £577 million, an increase of 29% on last year. Tesco online now operates in over 270 stores around the country, covering 96% of the UK. With over a million households nationwide having used the companys online services, the company has a strong platform to further develop this revenue stream. Brand value: Profits for Tescos operations in Europe, Asia and Ireland increased by 78% during the last fiscal year. The company has a strong brand image, and is associated with good quality, trustworthy goods that represent excellent value. Tescos innovative ways of improving the customer shopping experience, as well as its efforts to branch out into finance and insurance have also capitalized on this. UK market leadership reinforced: Since acquiring number one ranking in 1996, Tesco has developed a successful multiformat strategy that has accelerated its advantage. Its UK sales are now 71% larger than Sainsburys. Also the Competition Commissions report makes it very difficult for a competitor to challenge its scale and has effectively scuppered Wal-Marts chances of stealing UK leadership. Therefore, Tesco is in an enormously strong position in its domestic market. Weaknesses Reliance upon the UK market: Although international business is still growing, and is expected to contribute greater amounts to Tescos profits over the next few years, the company is still highly dependent on the UK market (73.8% of 2003 revenues). While this isnt a major weakness in the short term, any changes in the UK supermarket industry over the next year for example, like the Morrisons group successfully purchasing the Safeway chain could alter the balance of UK supermarket power, and affect share. Debt reduction: Tesco is not expected to reduce its debt until at least 2006. Tesco has a large capital expenditure program mainly due to its huge investment in space for new stores. Since its expansion is so aggressive, Tesco has little free cash for any other operations. Signs point to serial acquisitions: With an enterprise value of  £23 billion, Tesco clearly has enormous firepower. Also, its product range is vast and almost any acquisition can be justified, particularly in the UK. While fill the gap strategy would be useful to the company, as has been the case with the UK convenience market, there is the danger of Tesco becoming a serial acquirer, as this tends to reduce earnings visibility and quality. 8.0 CONCLUSION The success of the Tesco shows how far the branding and effective service delivery can come in moving beyond splashing ones logo on a billboard. It had fostered powerful identities by making their retiling concept into a virus and spending it out into the culture via a variety of channels: cultural sponsorship, political controversy, consumer experience and brand extensions. In a rapidly changing business environment with a high competitors pressure Tesco have to adopt new expansion strategies or diversified the existing in order to sustain its leading market position in an already established retailing market. The company must constantly adapt to the fast changing circumstances. Strategy formulation should therefore be regarded as a process of continuous learning, which includes learning about the goals, the effect of possible actions towards these goals and how to implement and execute these actions. The quality of a formulated strategy and the speed of its implementation will therefore directly depend on the quality of Tescos cognitive and behavioural learning processes. In large organizations as Tesco strategy should be analysed and implemented at various levels within the hierarchy. These different levels of strategy should be related and mutually supporting. Tescos strategy at a corporate level defines the businesses in which Tesco will compete, in a way that focuses resources to convert distinctive competence into competitive advantage

Monday, October 21, 2019

Donatello essays

Donatello essays Donatello (1386-1466) was a master of sculpture in bronze and marble and was considered one of the greatest Italian Renaissance artists of his time. There is much more to know about him, though then the name alone. He has created some of the greatest works of art, not only in the Italian renaissance, but human history as well. A lot is known about his life and career but little is known about his character and personality. Donatello never married and seems to be a man of simple tastes. Patrons often found him hard to deal with and he demanded a lot of artistic freedom. Donatello, born Donato di Niccol di Betto Bardi, was the son of Niccolo di Betto Bardi, a Florentine wool carder. It is not known how he started his career but probably learned stone carving from one of the sculptors working for the cathedral of Florence about 1400. Some time between 1404 and 1407 he became a member of the workshop of Lorenzo Ghiberti who was a sculptor in bronze. Donatello's earliest work was a marble statue of David. The "David" was originally made for the cathedral but was moved in 1416 to the Palazzo Vecchio, a city hall where it long stood as a civic-patriotic symbol. From the sixteenth century on, the gigantic David of Michelangelo, which served the same purpose, eclipsed it. More of Donatello's early works which were still partly Gothic are the impressive seated marble figure of St. John the Evangelist for the cathedral and a wooden crucifix in the church of Sta. Croce. The full power of Donatello first appeared in two marble statues, "St. Mark" and "St. George" which were completed in 1415. "St. George" has been replaced and is now in the Bargello. For the first time, the human body is rendered as a functional organism. The same qualities came in the series of five prophet statues that Donatello did beginning in 1416. The statues were of beardless and bearded prophets as well...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

The Rust Belt

The Rust Belt The term â€Å"Rust Belt† refers to what once served as the hub of American Industry. Located in the Great Lakes region, the Rust Belt covers much of the American Midwest (map). Also known as the â€Å"Industrial Heartland of North America†, the Great Lakes and nearby Appalachia were utilized for transportation and natural resources. This combination enabled the thriving coal and steel industries. Today, the landscape is characterized by the presence of old factory towns and post-industrial skylines. At the root of this 19th-century industrial explosion is an abundance of natural resources. The mid-Atlantic region is endowed with coal and iron ore reserves. Coal and iron ore are used to produce steel, and corresponding industries were able to grow through the availability of these commodities. Midwestern America has the water and transportation resources necessary for production and shipment. Factories and plants for coal, steel, automobiles, automotive parts, and weapons dominated the industrial landscape of the Rust Belt. Between 1890 and 1930, migrants from Europe and the American South came to the region in search of work. During the World War II era, the economy was fueled by a robust manufacturing sector and a high demand for steel. By the 1960s and 1970s, increased globalization and competition from overseas factories caused the dissolution of this industrial center. The designation â€Å"Rust Belt† originated at this time because of the deterioration of the industrial region. States primarily associated with the Rust Belt include Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana. Bordering lands include parts of Wisconsin, New York, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Ontario, Canada. Some major industrial cities of the Rust Belt include Chicago, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Cleveland, and Detroit. Chicago, Illinois Chicago’s proximity to the American West, the Mississippi River, and Lake Michigan enabled a steady flow of people, manufactured goods, and natural resources through the city. By the 20th century, it became the transportation center of Illinois. Chicago’s earliest industrial specialties were lumber, cattle, and wheat. Built in 1848, The Illinois and Michigan Canal was the primary connection between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River, and an asset to Chicagoan commerce. With its extensive rail network, Chicago became one of the largest railroad centers in North America and is the manufacturing center for freight and passenger railroad cars. The city is the hub of Amtrak and is directly connected by rail to Cleveland, Detroit, Cincinnati, and the Gulf Coast. The state of Illinois remains a great producer of meat and grain, as well as iron and steel. Baltimore, Maryland On the eastern shores of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland, roughly 35 miles south of the Mason Dixon Line lies Baltimore. The rivers and inlets of Chesapeake Bay endow Maryland one of the longest waterfronts of all the states. As a result, Maryland is a leader in the production of metals and transportation equipment, primarily ships. Between the early 1900s and the 1970s, much of Baltimore’s young populace sought factory jobs at the local General Motors and Bethlehem Steel plants. Today, Baltimore is one of the nation’s largest ports and receives the second greatest amount of foreign tonnage. Despite Baltimore’s location east of Appalachia and the Industrial Heartland, its proximity to water and the resources of Pennsylvania and Virginia created an atmosphere in which large industries could thrive. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh experienced its industrial awakening during the Civil War. Factories began producing weapons, and the demand for steel grew. In 1875, Andrew Carnegie built the first Pittsburgh steel mills. Steel production created demand for coal, an industry that succeeded similarly. The city was also a major player in the World War II effort when it produced nearly one hundred million tons of steel. Located on the western edge of Appalachia, coal resources were readily available to Pittsburgh, making steel an ideal economic venture. When the demand for this resource collapsed during the 1970s and 1980s, Pittsburgh’s population fell dramatically. Buffalo, New York Located on the eastern shores of Lake Erie, the City of Buffalo expanded greatly during the 1800s. The construction of the Erie Canal facilitated travel from the east, and heavy traffic sparked the development of the Buffalo Harbor on Lake Erie. Trade and transportation through Lake Erie and Lake Ontario poised Buffalo as the â€Å"Gateway to the West†. Wheat and grain produced in the Midwest were processed at what became the largest grain port in the world. Thousands in Buffalo were employed by the grain and steel industries; notably Bethlehem Steel, the city’s major 20th-century steel producer. As a significant port for trade, Buffalo was also one of the country’s largest railroad centers. Cleveland, Ohio Cleveland was a key American industrial center during the late 19th century. Built near large coal and iron ore deposits, the city was home to John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company in the 1860s. Meanwhile, steel became an industrial staple that contributed to Cleveland’s flourishing economy. Rockefeller’s oil refining was reliant on the steel production taking place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Cleveland became a transportation hub, serving as the half-point between the natural resources from the west, and the mills and factories of the east. Following the 1860s, railroads were the primary method of transport through the city. The Cuyahoga River, the Ohio and Erie Canal, and nearby Lake Erie also provided Cleveland accessible water resources and transportation throughout the Midwest. Detroit, Michigan As the epicenter of Michigan’s motor vehicle and parts production industry, Detroit once housed many wealthy industrialists and entrepreneurs. The post World War II automobile demands led to the city’s rapid expansion, and the metro area became home to General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. The increase in demand for automobile production labor led to a population boom. When parts production moved to the Sun Belt and overseas, residents went with. Smaller cities in Michigan such as Flint and Lansing experienced a similar fate. Located along the Detroit River between Lake Erie and Lake Huron, Detroit’s successes were aided by resource accessibility and the draw of promising employment opportunities. Conclusion Albeit â€Å"rusty† reminders of what they once were, Rust Belt cities remain today as centers of American commerce. Their rich economic and industrial histories equipped them with the memory of a great deal of diversity and talent, and they are of American social and cultural significance.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Naked Lunch (William S.Burroughs)+Naked Lunch(David Conenberg) Term Paper

Naked Lunch (William S.Burroughs)+Naked Lunch(David Conenberg) - Term Paper Example ypewriter company, and thus enjoyed a manner of wealth and support from his family over time that allowed him to pursue literature as a career as well as to travel. However, it was Burroughs’ â€Å"street-wise† sense and knowledge of the subculture of junkies, addicts, pimps, prostitutes, petty thieves, and drug dealers that impressed the other Beats in addition to his mind. Burroughs’ first works before ‘Naked Lunch,’ entitled ‘Junky’ (1953) and ‘Queer’ (written at the same time but published in 1985) , told the story of this sordid underworld with a dry, realistic style from the perspective of a heroin addict, also including seeds of science fiction themes he would return to in later works. Burroughs life is in many ways determined by his homosexuality, and the relationship with his family that entailed in his youth. Homosexuality was repressed and an object of hate crime in America frequently during his time in Missouri, and homosexuals were discriminated upon in ways by society that fueled Burroughs’ identity as an outsider. Nevertheless, his earlier work is written in a style that is traditional and not revolutionary as in ‘Naked Lunch’ and later cut-up novels. When Ginsberg refused Burroughs’ advances sexually in the mid-fifties, Burroughs went into a type of depression that also fueled his drug addiction to new levels. Burroughs and Ginsberg had experimented with the Amazonian entheogen Yage, or Ayahuasca, as well as other psychedelics like mushrooms, acid, & peyote, as well as street drugs like pot, heroin, amphetamines, speed, and cocaine. (Burroughs & Ginsberg, 2001) The drugged state of massive hallucinations is a theme that drives t he majority of Burroughs’ work, as he seeks to express in â€Å"Naked Lunch† and other books a theory of mind and an expanded sense of self that he experienced himself in altered states of consciousness as well as the desperate and self-loathing states of despair. â€Å"There is no line between the real

Friday, October 18, 2019

The Thrill of the Hunt; The Journey and the Destination Essay

The Thrill of the Hunt; The Journey and the Destination - Essay Example In an era when a person need only drive to the local grocery store, what makes men and women load guns and still head for the woods to track down an animal This ethnography study will try to answer the question, what is the point to hunting in modern Maine Is the real goal a trophy to hang on the wall Hunting is really about control and challenge in a world where basic human survival instincts are channeled into substitute activities like video games, racquet ball and treadmills. The need for men and women, to spend hours tracking a creature in the forest for meat they could easily buy, is not about killing an animal, but about self reliance and ingenuity. Hunting is a tie to the past and tradition. In 1622 the state of Maine was called, the Province of Maine and it was under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. The name probably echoes the French province of Maine brought by immigrating French settlers. It was not admitted to the Union until 1820 and then was officially the, state of Maine (Maine Down East, 1937 pg 3). Maine has a total area that extends the combination of New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island and Connecticut. The state possesses a variety of terrains from plateaus to mountains to coast line. The highest peak is on Mount Katahdin, Hamilin Peak at 4752 feet. Over 75 percent of the total area in Maine is forestland and water as Maine is filled with lakes and rivers. Game is abundant and v... It was necessary to observe a fox's behavior to trap him as they are creatures of habit and use the same pathways (Maine Down East, 1937 pg 415). Deer can be found close to open pasture, abandoned lumber camps and dirt roads. They favor raspberry bushes, which grow near cleared land. After the first frost deer seek out beech ridges then head for swamps and thickets about noon. The best hunting is right after a light snow when the animals are easily tracked. Those that savor a trophy buck should prepare to climb the high ridges and in dry weather a hunter should find a place to sit and wait as the crunchy twigs and leaves will warn any deer of a human presence. This is the reason for deer stands in trees when no ridges are available. Many hunters turn to moose and black bear because they are more challenging. Bear are very clever and also pose a risk to personal safety. Though bear move slow and have poor eye sight, they can run quickly to chase down their prey. Bear meat is quite a delicacy to many who savor the pork like taste. Rabbits are also hunted in Maine for sport and meat. Unlike varieties in other states Maine rabbits do not make holes in the ground and live on the surface. Dogs are used for rabbits and birds. The black duck and the mallard are the most popular, but there are over a dozen breeds in the northern portion of Maine and along the coast in the Machias region. Woodcock are plentiful in central and western Maine and best hunted after several frosts since unlike other ducks that eat from the marshes, woodcocks prefer blackberry tangles near birch and alder trees. Hunting in Maine can be done in a variety of fashions that include rifle, shotgun, bow, crossbow, handgun and even black powder

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 96

Essay Example Muslim men are obliged to offer the prayers in the mosque, whereas Muslim women may offer the prayers at home. The names of five prayers in Islam in sequence from morning to night are Fajr, Zohr, Asr, Maghrib, and Isha (Huda). All Muslim men and women offer each prayer facing the Kaa’ba which is located in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Every prayer in Islam has a defined set of Raka’ts that constitute that prayer. A prayer is also offered at each Eid and the funeral of a Muslim. Prayer in Islam is essentially a spiritual connection between every Muslim and Allah. By offering the prayers five times a day, a Muslim commits to Allah that he/she believes in no creator but Allah and seeks help from Allah. Hindus pray to different gods at different times. The concept of God for Hindus is like that of a board of members, in which each god takes care of a particular area. For example, there is a god called as â€Å"Laxmi† who brings wealth while there is a â€Å"Durga Maa† who solves the Hindus’ social problems. Hindus may pray to any god at any time depending upon what they need at a particular point in time. In Hinduism, â€Å"a prayer has two parts: one is soliciting a favor from the Almighty and the other is surrendering ourselves to His will† (Rajhans). Hindu men and women both go to temples for the prayers. Every Hindu family has a small temple inside the home where they have placed the idols to worship them. Many of Hindu prayers are made collectively in gatherings. These prayers include but are not limited to the â€Å"Durga Maa pooja†. Hindus also have five fundamental prayers, namely â€Å"the Maha Mrityunjaya Mantra, and Meditations on Shiv a, Ganesha, Krishna and Rama† (Sivananda). Each of these prayers has its own distinct lyrics. Muslims pray to one God whereas Hindus pray to multiple gods. Both Muslims and Hindus have five basic prayers. Muslim men go to mosque whereas Hindu men and women both go to the temple. Muslims men and

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Legislative Issues Paper-reimbursement for Nurse Practitioners Research Paper

Legislative Issues -reimbursement for Nurse Practitioners - Research Paper Example According to Frakes and Evans (2006), in 2003, the federal government spent 13% of its budget on Medicare services. This means that the federal government spent as much as $271 billion on providing health care services to the needy citizens (Frakes and Evans, 2006). As a result of the increasing allocation on health care programs and policies, the federal government has put significant interest in managing and controlling its costs on implementing these health care programs. In doing so, the federal government has used the legislation to control health care costs by creating a regulatory structure that will regulate resultant costs and prevent fraud within the health industry (Frakes and Evans, 2006). Because of these regulatory policies and programs, health care providers in both patient care and practice are affected (Frakes and Evans, 2006). Of the health care providers that are very much affected of the regulatory efforts set by the federal government, the advanced practice nurse s (APN) are among them. Nurse practitioners (NPs) and clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) make up APNs (Frakes and Evans, 2006). According to (Hamric, Spross, and Hanson, 2009), the roles of APNs include nurse practitioners (NPs), certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), clinical nurse specialists (CNSs), and ), certified nurse-midwives (CNMs). ... uently, health providers such as physicians and registered nurses are reimbursed under the Current Procedural Terminology system which is created by the American Medical Association (Frakes and Evans, 2006). In this system, which was developed in 1966, reimbursements for a service are determined through the individual provider’s relative value scale (Frakes and Evans, 2006). Subsequently, the value scale, according to Richmond, Thompson, & Sullivan-Marx (2000), is thereby established based on the professional liability insurance cost, practice expense, and work done of the provider, and then multiplied by a geographic expense adjustment modifier. Incidentally, under the reimbursement system, APNs can receive reimbursements from the government’s Medicare and Medicaid programs, commercial insurers, self-insured institutions, and managed care organizations for the services they provide (Frakes and Evans, 2006). With the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts of 1989 and 1990, APNs are able to receive reimbursements; however, Richmond, Thompson, & Sullivan-Marx (2000) maintain that the limitation of this Act is that reimbursements are confined to those who practice inside skilled nursing facilities and rural areas. Another restriction to the reimbursement rights of APNs is that APNS can reimburse only for services billed as â€Å"incident to† a physician’s care but requires that the APN be employed or contracted with the physician (Frakes and Evans, 2006). Through this set-up, physicians enjoy reimbursements at 100% of their rates. Clearly, the disparity between APNs and physicians is manifested through these reimbursement policies. In a study of Ruchlin, Levey, and Muller (1975), they define the function of reimbursement programs. In their study, they utilize the

Ensuring a safe Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ensuring a safe Workplace - Essay Example Productivity of an employee depends on the surrounding during task delivering. Therefore, it would be wise to support the enhancement of the working environment for the employees. Arguing for my position requires one to take a bold stand as those taken by the likes of Malcolm X and Karl Marx. Employees are and will continue to be the engine of an organization, and regardless of the level of input they add to the firm. It is a wish of all organizations to be leading in terms of sale, and brand, and to achieve that employees are a critical aspect. Conducive working environment makes employees feel safe in their daily endeavor, and this motivates them. It should never be considered blindly that employees will risk their lives for the sake of building a firm’s reputation. According to (Noe, 2006), Human Resource Management has evolved over the years to view employees as an asset rather than job seeker only after pay. In an organization where hazardous products are being handled emergency measures should be in place to salvage any outbreak (â€Å"Managing health, safety and working environment†, 2009). Esteem of employees is enhanced on how they are treated at their workstation. An employee is just like any other individual whose esteem will be improved by the surrounding. For instance, an organization where the manager uses abusive terms when addressing the employees has a severe impact on the employee’s esteem. Low esteem among employees has been identified as the cause low productivity. Human resource manager needs to ensure the employees are psychologically safe which determines the degree of job concentration. Welfare of the staffs should not be considered as secondary need while they are on duty within the organization. If the workstation is viewed as a home by employees, then productivity from them will be to the optimum. According to (PetrylaitÄâ€", &

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Legislative Issues Paper-reimbursement for Nurse Practitioners Research Paper

Legislative Issues -reimbursement for Nurse Practitioners - Research Paper Example According to Frakes and Evans (2006), in 2003, the federal government spent 13% of its budget on Medicare services. This means that the federal government spent as much as $271 billion on providing health care services to the needy citizens (Frakes and Evans, 2006). As a result of the increasing allocation on health care programs and policies, the federal government has put significant interest in managing and controlling its costs on implementing these health care programs. In doing so, the federal government has used the legislation to control health care costs by creating a regulatory structure that will regulate resultant costs and prevent fraud within the health industry (Frakes and Evans, 2006). Because of these regulatory policies and programs, health care providers in both patient care and practice are affected (Frakes and Evans, 2006). Of the health care providers that are very much affected of the regulatory efforts set by the federal government, the advanced practice nurse s (APN) are among them. Nurse practitioners (NPs) and clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) make up APNs (Frakes and Evans, 2006). According to (Hamric, Spross, and Hanson, 2009), the roles of APNs include nurse practitioners (NPs), certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), clinical nurse specialists (CNSs), and ), certified nurse-midwives (CNMs). ... uently, health providers such as physicians and registered nurses are reimbursed under the Current Procedural Terminology system which is created by the American Medical Association (Frakes and Evans, 2006). In this system, which was developed in 1966, reimbursements for a service are determined through the individual provider’s relative value scale (Frakes and Evans, 2006). Subsequently, the value scale, according to Richmond, Thompson, & Sullivan-Marx (2000), is thereby established based on the professional liability insurance cost, practice expense, and work done of the provider, and then multiplied by a geographic expense adjustment modifier. Incidentally, under the reimbursement system, APNs can receive reimbursements from the government’s Medicare and Medicaid programs, commercial insurers, self-insured institutions, and managed care organizations for the services they provide (Frakes and Evans, 2006). With the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts of 1989 and 1990, APNs are able to receive reimbursements; however, Richmond, Thompson, & Sullivan-Marx (2000) maintain that the limitation of this Act is that reimbursements are confined to those who practice inside skilled nursing facilities and rural areas. Another restriction to the reimbursement rights of APNs is that APNS can reimburse only for services billed as â€Å"incident to† a physician’s care but requires that the APN be employed or contracted with the physician (Frakes and Evans, 2006). Through this set-up, physicians enjoy reimbursements at 100% of their rates. Clearly, the disparity between APNs and physicians is manifested through these reimbursement policies. In a study of Ruchlin, Levey, and Muller (1975), they define the function of reimbursement programs. In their study, they utilize the

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Scheduling and Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scheduling and Project Management - Essay Example (Duncan, 1996, pp.4-5) Project Management involves balancing a number of competing demands on time, cost, and quality, and meeting the expectations of various stakeholders. Although several aspects of project management such as PERT/CPM planning are unique to it, there are other areas that overlap with other functional areas of management such as organizational behaviour, financial forecasting, and contracting. (Duncan, 1996, p.8) In order to take care of these activities, project management needs an organization structure. The commonly employed organizational structures are functional, project, and matrix structures. Under functional structure, all similar functional activities such as finance or HR are grouped together under one common head. In a project specific structure, the project manager has different functional experts under her. Matrix structures are those in which there is dual control. Wal-Mart, being primarily a retail giant, is unlikely to have a purely project specific management structure. This means that the project manager will have to get things done through functional heads.

Cultural diversity Essay Example for Free

Cultural diversity Essay Cultural diversity is increasingly becoming as a significant part of many organizations and corporations. As such, problems that are concerned with intercultural and international communication occur and set in. Maintaining and nurturing effective communication techniques and methods within the organization is increasingly becoming a major concern for management and leaders of businesses and corporations. On the part of those in the organization, from the managers to the lowly staff, it is both an occasion for opportunity and challenge. The challenge for people today is truly real and necessitates action especially if one aims to make a niche for oneself. It is not an easy task considering that culture is one of the most difficult areas of study. It will take a lot of patience and persistence to be able to understand the culture of another – its complexity and composition and its traditions and taboos to be able to effectively communicate with one from another culture either through verbal language or in a non-verbal fashion. Another thing that must be taken into consideration is the fact that one is not dealing with one culture alone, but a host and in large probability, a mix of other cultures as well that are uniquely different from one another. There are, however, tried and tested principles which can be utilized and applied in order to achieve success in being able to communicate interculturally. The foremost and initial goal will be to encourage interaction, the basic thing to do is to speak in the simplest language to make the self understandable, send the correct message and make the instant connection. Next is to have the proper and correct set of values at work. It is also essential to withhold judgments and be able to show empathy and sensitivity for the cultural differences. Lastly, but equally as important, is to have the proper attitude and disposition – flexibility to make adjustments when needed and openness to learn and accept corrections. Individuals with intercultural communication skills are those with certain key competencies and characteristics and usually demonstrate open-mindedness, inquisitiveness, patience and self-awareness. These are the basic skills which help nurture a sympathetic, personal and intuitive approach to doing business. The social and cultural differences should be managed adeptly in order to decrease the prevalence of the consequences that may occur especially towards those that belong to the minority. In dealing with a multicultural population, free expression of thoughts, views and opinions should be encouraged especially in the workplace setting.By observing this, a sense of respect for the other person is conveyed, thus fostering trust and a harmonious working relationship. References: Blalock, M. ( 2006) Listen Up, Why Good Communication is Good Business. Wisconsin Business Alumni Update. University of Wisconsin Regent System. Chen, G. and Starosta, W. (2000). Communication and Global Society. New York: Peter Lang. Hochel and Roka (2008). Intercultural and International Communication for our Global Community

Monday, October 14, 2019

Dimensions of Word Meaning

Dimensions of Word Meaning NGUYEN QUANG NGOAN Introduction The issue of defining and clearing the meaning of the words is by no means an easy talk. In other words, words are names or lables for things. Besides, linguists also realize the need to distinguish what a word or expression denotes from what they can be used to refer to, we will identify the difference between denotation and reference. There are many different ideas that the meaning of a word reflects reality or express human conceptualization of reality, as it were. However, we will discuss about various attempts designed to define probably one of the most difficult issues of semantics -meaning. Problems Depending on what it is understood by meaning, we can distinguish two main semantic theories: the referential / denotational approach-meaning is the action of putting words into relationship with the world; the representational /conceptual approach-meaning is the notion, the concept or the mental image of the object or situation in reality as reflected in mans mind. The two basic types of meaning were first mentioned by S. Stati in 1971- referential definitions which analyse meaning in terms of the relation symbol- object /referent; conceptual definitions which regard the relation symbol- thought/reference. 2.1 .Denotational /Referential Theories of Meaning. Before describing the characteristics of these theories, a clarification of the terms used is necessary. All languages allow speakers to describe or model aspects of what they perceive. In semantics the action of picking out or identifying individuals/ locations with words is called referring/denoting. To some linguists the two terms, denote and refer are synonymous. J. Saeed (1997: 23) gives two examples of proper names whose corresponding referents are easily recognizable e. g. I saw Michael Jackson on TV last night. We have just flown back from Paris. The underlined words refer to/denote the famous singer, respectively the capital of France, even if in some contexts they may be used to designate a person different from the singer, or a locality other than the capital of France. To John Lyons the terms denote and refer are not synonymous. The former is used to express the relationship linguistic expression- world, whereas the latter is used for the action of a speaker in picking out entities in the world. In the example A sparrow flew into the room. A sparrow and the room are NPs that refer to things in the world.; room, sparrow denote classes of items. In conclusion, referring is what speakers do and denoting is a propertyof words. Denotation is a stable relationship in a language, it doesnt depend on anyones use of the word unlike the action of referring. Returning to the problem of theories of meaning, they are called referential/ denotational when their basic premise is that we can give the meaning of words and sentences by showing how they relate to situations- proper names denote individuals, nouns denote entities or sets of individuals, verbs denote actions, adverbs denote properties of actions, adjectives denote properties of individuals-.In case of sentences, they denote situations and events. The difference in meaning between a sentence and its negative counterpart arises from the fact that they describe two situations e. g. There is a book on the shelf. There isnt a book on the shelf. Referential theories consider meaning to be something outside the world itself, an extra-linguistic entity. This means reducing the linguistic sign, i. e. the word to its material aspect, be it phonic or graphic. The impossibility of equating meaning with the object denoted by a given word can be explained considering three major reasons the identity meaning-object would leave meaning to a large extent undefined because not all the characteristic traits of an object as an extra- linguistic reality are identical with the distinctive features of lexical meaning; not all words have a referent in the outside world; there are: non- referring expressions so, very, maybe, if, not, etc. referring expressions used generically: e. g. A murder is a serious felony. words like nouns, pronouns with variable reference depending on the context: e. g. The president decides on the foreign policy. She didnt know what to say. words which have no corresponding object in the real world in general or at a certain moment: e. g. The unicorn is a mythical animal. She wants to make a cake this evening. different expressions/words that can be used for the same referent, the meaning reflecting the perspective from which the referent is viewed e. g. The morning star is the same thing as the evening star. The president of the USA/ George Bush/ Barbara Bushs husband was to deliver a speech. Besides the referential differences between expressions, we can make useful distinctions among the things referred to by expressions-referent thing picked out by uttering the expression in a particular context; extension of an expression = set of things which could possibly be the referent of that expression. In Lyons terminology the relationship between an expression and its extension is called denotation.(Saeed 1997: 27) A distinction currently made by modern linguists is that between the denotation of a word and the connotations associated with it. For most linguists, denotation represents the cognitive or communicative aspect of meaning (Schaff 1965), while connotation stands for the emotional overtones a speaker usually associates with each individual use of a word. Denotative meaning accounts for the relationship between the linguistic sign and its denotatum. But one shouldnt equate denotation with the denotatum.What is the denotation of a word which has no denotatum. As far as the attitude of the speaker is concerned, denotation is regarded as neutral, since its function is simply to convey the informational load carried by a word. The connotative aspects of meaning are highly subjective, springing from personal experiences, which a speaker has had of a given word and also from his/her attitude towards his/ her utterance and/ or towards the interlocutors (Leech, 1990: 14). For example dwelling, house, home, abode, residence have the same denotation but different connotations. Given their highly individual nature, connotations seem to be unrepeatable but, on the other hand, in many instances, the social nature of individual experience makes some connotative shades of meaning shared by practically all the speakers of a language. It is very difficult to draw a hard line between denotation and connotation in meaning analysis, due to the fact that elements of connotation are drawn into what is referred to as basic, denotative meaning. By taking into account connotative overtones of meaning, its analysis has been introduced a new dimension, the pragmatic one. Talking about reference involves talking about nominals- names and noun phrases. They are labels for people, places, etc. Context is important in the use of names; names are definite in that they carry the speakers assumption that his/ her audience can identify the referent (Saeed, 1997: 28). 2.2.The Relationship Between Sense And Reference The referent of an expression is often a thing or person in the world. The sense of an expression is not a thing at all it is an abstraction that can be entertained in the mind of a language users. Its difficult to say what sort of entity the sense of an expression it isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is useful to think of sense as that is a part of meaning of an expression that is left over when reference is factored out. Its much easier to say whether or not expressions have the same sense. Connotation and denotation revisited We have discussed the meaning of a word, it helps to know the difference between denotation and connotation. These two terms are easy to confuse because they describe related concepts. Moreover, both denotation and connotation stem from the Latin word. The connotation of a word is the additional meaning that the word has beyond its denotative meaning. It shows peoples emotion and/or attitudes towards what the word refers to. The Denotation of a word is the core, central or referential meaning of the world found in a dictionary. In English, a content word may have its denotation described in term of a set of semantic features that serve to identify the particular concept associated with the word For example, the words home and house have similar denotations or primary meanings: a home is a shelter that is the usual residence of a person, family, or household, and a house is a building in which people live. However, these terms carry different associations or secondary meanings, also known as connotations. Many people would agree that home connotes a sense of belonging and comfort, whereas house conveys little more than a structure. The connotation of a word depends on cultural context and personal associations, but the denotation of a word is its standardized meaning within the English language. The change and development of meaning 3.1 .Change of meaning The development of vocabulary is the first of all reflected in the development of semantic structure of the words: new meaning of the words appear, some old meanings drop out of the language of coexist with the new ones. The first is extending the meanings of existing words or acquisition of new meaning by existing words based on the occurrence of a relationship between the old and new meaning. For example: 1. She turned a cold face to me 2. My brother is a pig => Semantic extensions Occurrence of a relationship between the old and new meaning 3.2. Causes of semantic change The factors accounting for semantic changes may be subdivided into three main groups: a. Extra-linguistic causes : various changes in the life of the speech community changes in economic and social structures changes in culture, knowledge, technology, arts changes of ideas, scientific concepts, way of life b. Linguistic factors : Ellipsis a change of meaning when the meaning of a word-combination is given to only one word of this combination For example: daily daily happening every day a daily newspaper daily a daily newspaper Discrimination of synonyms conflict of synonyms when a perfect synonym of a native word is borrowed from other language. For example: tide OE tide 1)time 2)season 3)hour from French time, season, hour Modern English tide regular rise and fall of the sea caused by the moon c. One more linguistic cause of semantic change is called fixed context. E.g. the word token brought into competition with the word sign and became restricted in use to a number of set expressions, such as love token, token of respect etc. and also became specialized in meaning. 3.3. Nature of semantic change: a. Restriction of meaning (narrowing) restriction of the types or referents denoted by the word. It can be illustrated by the semantic development of the word hound which used to denote dog of any breed but now denotes only a dog used in the chase. If the word with a new restricted meaning comes to be used in the specialized vocabulary of some limited group within the speech community it is usual to speak of the specialization of meaning. b. Extension of meaning (widening ) application of the word to wider variety of referents It may be illustrated by the word target which originally meant a small round shield but now means anything that is fired at. If the word with extended meaning passed from the specialized vocabulary into common use, the result of the semantic change is described as generalization of meaning. The connotational meaning may be changed in two ways as follows: Amelioration (elevation) of meaning implies the improvement of the connotational component of meaning, e.g. the word minister originally denoted a servant but now a civil servant of higher rank, a person administrating a department of state. Deterioration (degradation) of the meaning implies the acquisition by the word of some derogatory emotive charge, e.g. the word boor was originally to denote a peasant and then acquired a derogatory connotational meaning and came to denote a clumsy or ill-bred fellow. Transference of meaning 4.1. Definition of metaphor: The other perspective from which we can approach semantic change is the nature of the change or the connection between the new and the old meaning. We also call this feature a transfer. The meaning can be transferred from the original to the new position via three main types of association: Metaphor is the semantic change based on the association of similarity between referents the meaning is transferred on the basic of the fact that the two referents resemble on onother. The basic structure of the metaphor is very simple. There is a thing we are talking about and that to which we are comparing it. The transference may be based on similarity of Shape. E.g: head of a cabbage, crane bulb, the teeth of a saw Position. E.g: the foot of mountain Movement. E.g: caterpillar of a tank. Function. E.g: the key to the mystery Colour. E.g: orange, rose. Size. E.g: midget, elephantine The names of the parts of human body are transferred to others objects ( the nose of a plane, the leg of the table) The names of animals are also often transferred to the human beings ( A cunning person is a fox, a spiteful person is a snake, a rude person is a bear, a hard-working person is a bee or a beaver, birds view, crocodile tears) Proper names transferred to common ones( a jealous person is called an Othello, an eloquent speaker is a Cicero.) 4.1.2. The differences between similes and metaphors Both compare things that are essentially unlike. Metaphor implies the comparison hidden comparison ( no formal element of comparison) Simile expresses the comparison by the use of some word or phrase like, as, than, similar to, resembles, seems. For example My love is a rose -> metaphor My love is like a rose -> comparison 4.1.3.The classifications of metaphor Living ( poetic, individual) when a word is used in unusual meaning and metaphor is felt E.g: Peace is our fortress. Faded (trite) metaphor is one which lost its freshness because of long use and became habitual E.g: Fruitful effort, golden youth, to fall in love Dead metaphor where metaphoric sense is not felt. Dead metaphor are words which lost their direct meaning and are used only figuratively E.g: To ponder originally meant to weigh, but it is used now only in the meaning to mediate, to consider thoughtfully 4.2. Definition of metonymy Metonymy (contiguity of meaning) the name of an attribute of a thing is used instead of the thing itself. In other words, metonymy can be defined as the substitution of one word for another with which it is associated. For example Hollywood is used as a metonym (an instance of metonymy) for American cinema, because of the fame and cultural identity of Hollywood, as the historical center of movie studios and movie stars. Proper names as metonymy can be illustrated by : read Shakspeare, listen to Mozart, it was a Waterlooà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Major cases of metonymy: Use the name of container instead of the thing contained: E.g: to drink a glass, 2. Names of parts of human body may be used as symbols E.g: clever head, kind heart, 3. The concrete is used instead of abstract E.g: Let me give you a hand; to go to bed 4. The materials are used for the things is made of the materials E.g: glass 5. The name of the author is used for his works. E.g: Picasso, Ampere, Watts 6. Part is used for the whole and vice versa E.g: We all live under the same roof. She is wearing a fox. 7. The instrument which the doer uses in performing E.g. she is a good piano, 8. Other types: E.g: He always running after the skirt. ( a woman or girl) Other types of meaning tranfer are: Eponymy (functional change) common words are derived from proper nouns, e.g.: sandwich, china, rugby, White House (American government). Personification assigning human qualities to things, e.g.: the paper saysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Euphemisms the need for a less expressive word, substitution of words which can be harmful for words with milder connotations, e.g.: restroom (toilet), pass away (die), sleep with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (have a sexual intercourse withà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Hyperbole exaggeration of meaning, statement not to be taken literally, e.g.: wait for ages, weight a ton, Ill kill him when I see himà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Litotes the opposite of hyperbole, the understatement which can be often ironical or moderating, e.g.: It wasnt bad (in the sense of It was good), Shes not stupid (Shes rather smart)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ REFERENCES Hoa Nguyen, (2004). Understanding English Semantics. Hanoi: Nxb.Ä HQG Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. Lyons, J (1968). Introdution to Theoretical Linguistics. London and New York: CPU Lyons, J (1995). Linguistic Semantics: An introduction. London : CUP

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Declining Trust In Our Government :: essays research papers

Declining Trust in Our Government Is the American people's trust in our government declining? According to most people, it definitely is. Recent polls make this argument very valid. In 1995, the Princeton Survey Research Associates conducted a telephone interview of 1514 random sample adults. In this interview, people were asked how much of the time they trusted in the federal government to do the right thing. Twenty- one percent said most of the time and seventy-one percent said only some of the time. When asked the same question of their state governments, the results were only slightly better. Thirty percent said most of the time and sixty-two percent said only some of the time ("Why Don't"). This indicates that a majority of the American people believe that the American government is not doing the right thing in a lot of the actions it takes. Of course, nobody expects the government to operate perfectly with no mistakes, because this is not a perfect world. These numbers are too high though. What caused this problem in the United States, what is the extend of this problem in our country, and is this distrust of our government even a serious problem at all? These are three questions that need to be addressed in out society today. What really has caused the American people to distrust our government and when did this trend actually begin? I do not believe there is any clear answer to these questions and I do not believe it would ever be possible to pinpoint any exact reason for the feelings of the American people. One reason cited by some is that it is the fault of poor leaders. Two commonly blamed leaders are President Johnson and President Nixon. Two of the biggest drops in the public's confidence in our government occurred in 1964, during the bombing of Vietnam, and in 1972, during Watergate (Nye). Although these two events may have contributed to the distrust of the American government, I do not believe that two events and two leaders can be held totally responsible. For one thing, these things occurred over twenty years ago, why is there still distrust today. Not only does this distrust still exist, but many would say that it has increased greatly since then. I do not thing that two leaders can be pinpointed and blamed for destroying the trust in our government. Perhaps though the blame could be laid on American political leaders in general. In a 1995 poll, thirty- five percent said the main reason that they do not trust the federal government

Friday, October 11, 2019

Do We Really Love Our Animals? :: essays research papers fc

Do you consider yourself a pet lover? Do you love animals in general? Can you imagine yourself as a little boy in a trailer far away from the depths of socialization? Once upon a time there was this boy, and this boy had a friend. No matter how hard times got he had Bo. The boy was incredibly happy because he had always dreamed of having a dog like that, a companion. Then your friend dies and you are left standing. Can you imagine the pain?Nobody likes to lose a good friend or a pet, and the majority of the population loves animals. However, evidence points that people don’t like animals as much as they claim to because the majority of the population tends to over look the genocide that exists this very instance. Gandhi once wrote, "The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the ways its animals are treated"(Why Vegan? 1) Gandhi brings up a good point because the issue of Animal Rights is in fact an issue of one’s moral code. To define the morality and ethics, this paper will refer to Ayn Rand’s definition taken from the book, The Virtue of Selfishness. Rand describes itthis way, "It is a code of values to guide a man’s choices and actions that determine the purpose of his life" (Rand 13). Can the common animal lover really love animals that much and is it in their moral code to protect the living? Maybe they would if they were presented with the facts about vivisection and the meat industry. The truth of the matter is, people don’t love animals as much as they claim to, because they allow mistreatment, support companies that practice Vivisection, and the majority of the population still eats meat. The first form of oppression comes from probably one of the most grotesquely cruel practices of all. Did you know that from buying your toothpaste to buying your cosmetics, you open yourself up for the opportunity to participate in the funding of Vivisection? PETA, an international non profit organization designed to protect the rights of animals has defined the term as, "Vivisection is the practice of experimenting on live animals" (PETA 1). Let’s start with the large amount of animals Vivisection effects. The American Anti-Vivisection Society reports that, "Between 25 and 50 million animals are killed in American Laboratories each Year"(www.

Developed Through Pips Visit To Satis Essay

Essay Title: Discuss How The Theme Of Class Is Developed Through Pips Visit To Satis (enough) House Charles Dickens’ expertly created bildungsroman about a youthful common boy’s desire to be a gentleman develops the theme of class and its social importance throughout the story. Dickens’ aim was to show the corruption in English society at the time and he displays it through Pip’s, the main character, visits to Satis house – a house owned by a mysterious, middle classed woman with a beautiful daughter that is bemused by Pip’s appearance and lower class and therefore abuses him for it. Dickens portraits the upper class as evil, selfish villains in the novel and is on the lower class peoples side, always revealing the disgraceful riches the upper class owned while the poor got poorer. Great Expectations is a social commentary that gives a strong opinion on society. Pip is a classic example of the lowest level of a working class child; he’s an orphan, lives a miserable life with his obnoxious and beastly sister, and gets abused by everyone that sees him. ‘Universal struggle,’ this is how Pip describes life as a desolate young boy. Pip strives to become his dream fantasy; a gleaming, bright gentleman and to do that he must overcome many things. Firstly, Pip can barely read or write, â€Å"I struggled through the alphabet as if it had been a bramble bush,† this just adds emphasis on the true lowness of Pip’s class as only the rich got educated while the poor got overlooked. In fact, when the poor did get educated, it was of a very low standard with the teachers sleeping in class and cramp, overheated rooms, with very little ventilation, much the contrary for the lavish, learning system accustomed to the rich and upper-class youths. Also, Pip is innumerate meaning he cant count, â€Å"I fell among the thieves, the nine figures,† this tells us that Pip is lacking basic life skills and must adapt to life without reading, writing and counting which adds to his struggle of dreaming to become a gentleman and gains sympathy off the reader because of his desperate situation. From pip’s first visit to Satis House, we realize the staggering difference between Pip and Miss Havisham’s child, Estella, and how their class and background affect their attitudes towards each other and their views on society and life overall. The setting of Satis House flabbergasts Pip so much, he can barely explain everything around him, â€Å"satins, and lace, and silks all of white†¦ † The description brings to mind a very rich, selfish and stagnant person which is how Dickens represents all the rich and upper-class people. Pip is confused of how to prepare himself for his first visit to Satis House, â€Å"I was not at ease regarding the manner in which I should acquaint myself under that lady’s roof. † This shows that the poor scarcely get in contact with the rich and are bewildered with how to present themselves. On the other hand, Estella proudly calls Pip by the name â€Å"boy† and mocks his clothes which in turn makes Pip realise his â€Å"lower class† so he therefore begins to clean and pamper himself after the suffering. Dickens builds up tension by describing Satis House as unkept and decayed which is a reflection of Miss Havisham’s odd personality and it’s a bit bias to be honest, because all Dickens’ fantasies about the rich being evil, rude and a bit crazy are fitted into one character especially and her eerie house. One time, Miss Havisham questions Pip in such a way at one point, that he gets scared out of his wits and his answers to her spiteful questions are all monosyllabic, â€Å"who is it? † â€Å"Pip†¦ † In essence, Dickens’ disrespect to the upper-class is such, that he represents them all in one lady that is so low, she bully’s innocent little boys and makes them feel ashamed for who they are and even makes Pip accept he’s lower then her which one may argue is a good thing as it inspires Pip to greatness later on but is atrocious, giving that status is not all there is to life. Estella is the â€Å"lady† in the book. When she meets Pip, her presence with him clearly shows the enormous gap between their two respected classes. Of her first few words to Pip, she looks at his tatty state and says disgustingly, â€Å"come here, boy. † She judged him by his looks and clothes and instantly recognized his lower state and treats him like an animal and he follows reluctantly, falling for her looks, â€Å"being a girl, beautiful and self-possessed. † By being attractive, Estella has a power over Pip that she can allow herself to be rude and sly to him, yet he will still fancy her, ridicule him and he’ll still show respect, so Estella has the upper hand in all cases. Dickens’ use of imagery glorifies Estella in every way as Pip is drawn to her, â€Å"like a moth to the light,† but in reality his desire to be good enough for Estella leads him to selfishness and being big-headed, just like the rest of the upper-class in Victorian England at the time, according to Dickens that is. Estella is very lucky, in the sense she has access to food and wines while Pip’s struggling for bare bones with bread and water for snacks. Unfortunately, this was the case for everyone at the time it was rare for the lower-class to have luxuries even close to those of the rich and it all blatantly shows between the meetings of Pip and Estella. â€Å"I wish my boots weren’t so thick nor my hands so coarse. † This is the moment Pip feels ashamed of himself for the first time. He accepts defeat in a cowardly manner and is disappointed at life and why he, amongst others, is a common, miserable and poor, weak boy. He even calls himself â€Å"ignorant and backwards,† in his defeat, which is quite the contrary really until after visiting miss Havisham and being in her household.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Communication Barriers Essay

The problem that is to be addressed will be the communication barriers between employees and management. Some people have a problem with the way they receive the conversation or the way people talk to them and other people have a problem with the way they use their verbal and nonverbal communication skills. There are many ways to determine the proper way to communicate and to miscommunicate. Solving the problem of non-communication in the work place can be easy, but at the same time it can be very costly. The movie Devil Wears Prada is a great example of miscommunication. The main owner, editor or â€Å"CEO† of that corporation talks to the new girl as if she has worked there for years. The new girl is given directions and does not know how to proceed with them because she was not trained properly. In the movie the CEO makes a statement â€Å"Emily? Emily? † Finally someone tells the new girl that the CEO means her and the new girl goes into the office. CEO states â€Å"Get me that guy I talked to yesterday about the skirts and scarfs on the phone. † The new girl goes back out of the office to her desk and starts looking for a phone number, but she has no idea who to look for, the first assistant, just coming back from lunch, asked the new girl â€Å"What are you doing? † The new girl tells the first assistant what the CEO said and within seconds the CEO was talk to the guy she spoke to yesterday about the skirts and scarfs. In this incident, there was minimal communication and there are also many ways to fix this. For instance, the first assistant should have taught the new girl about the phone directory, terms, and where to find other things that could be useful. If the new girl was trained correctly, then while the first assistant was at lunch, the new girl would have been able to handle the phones, but would still have problems not knowing what person the CEO talked to yesterday about the skirts or scarfs. With this part of the communication barrier, the CEO should have been more informative on the information that she gave the new girl. For instance, if the CEO had given the name of the person she talked to, then it would have narrowed down the people she to yesterday or vise-versa, or the CEO could have given the company name and with the correct training could have determined the person she talked to the day before. There are many ways to work on the communication between the CEO, manager, and another associate. The main objective should be to train the person properly before â€Å"throwing them to the wolves,† or putting them â€Å"on the sales floor† If the person is trained properly then they will learn the terminology, phone directory, and also know where to find other things related to going the job. When giving tasks to carry out, you would need to give specifics on what you want and names or descriptions of what is expected. When receiving the tasks, if you do not understand, then ask questions on what the other person is looking for or how to go about doing getting the job done.